| 000 -LEADER |
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| fixed length control field |
01637nam a22001577a 4500 |
| 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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| fixed length control field |
201224b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d |
| 100 ## - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME |
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| Personal name |
Singla, A. Kirschner, C. and Stone, S.B. |
| 245 ## - TITLE STATEMENT |
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| Title |
Race, representation, and revenue: Reliance on fines and forfeitures in city governments |
| 260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT) |
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| Place of publication, distribution, etc |
Urban Affairs Review |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION |
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| Extent |
56(4), Jul, 2020: p.1132-1167 |
| 520 ## - SUMMARY, ETC. |
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| Summary, etc |
Historically, revenue associated with things like traffic citations—termed fines and forfeitures—has made up an insignificant portion of city revenue. In recent years, however, cities are increasingly reliant on these revenues. This changed without fanfare, meaning there is little understanding of how or why it occurred. One potential explanation is budgetary, meaning cities rely more on fines due to increased fiscal stress or demand for public safety services. Alternatively, existing research demonstrates that race and representation are significant predictors of crime and punishment outcomes, including traffic citations. Using a stratified random sample of California cities, this study investigates which of these factors explain city reliance on revenue from fines and forfeitures. It finds that cities’ reliance on fines and forfeitures is not associated with budgetary need or public safety service provision, but is associated with the race of the population and the racial composition of law enforcement. – Reproduced |
| 650 ## - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
|---|
| Topical term or geographic name as entry element |
Representation, Non Tax revenue, Public finance, Representative bureaucracy, Fines and forfeitures |
| 9 (RLIN) |
19795 |
| 773 ## - HOST ITEM ENTRY |
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| Main entry heading |
Urban Affairs Review |
| 906 ## - LOCAL DATA ELEMENT F, LDF (RLIN) |
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| Subject DIP |
URBAN GOVERNANCE |
| 942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS (KOHA) |
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| Item type |
Articles |
