Bartels, Koen P.R. creator text xu| 2014 continuing ng p.656-674. Questions have arisen about the added value of public encounters for participatory democracy: do problems with living up to its promises occur because of or despite public professionals and citizens coming together? This paper presents the findings of a study that examined their public encounters, or communicative ﾓin-betweenﾔ, in participatory projects in three European cities. A narrative analysis revealed how the communicative capacity of public professionals and citizens is imperative and yet largely overlooked; i.e., their ability to recognize and break through dominant communicative patterns by constantly adapting the nature, tone, and conditions of conversations to the situation at hand. Less time, energy, and resources will be lost if they pay more attention to how they communicate (process) rather than what they talk about (substance). As this proves to be inherently difficult in everyday practice, researchers could play an important role in cultivating communicative capacity. - Reprodu Participatory development American Review of Public Administration 180718