Ghate, Prabhu creator text xu| 1998 continuing ng p.359-65 Lack of emphasis on specialisation, and the doctrine of rotation and transfers, made all the more oppressive by frequent political interference, have inhibited higher civil service from adapting to the changed environment since the British days. Though need for specialised expertise is now recognised in economic ministries, it is still not deemed necessary in areas of health, education, agriculture, etc. By ensuring longer tenures and promoting de-cadreisation through lateral recruitment of expertise, the higher civil service will be able to maintain its federal character, insulate itself from political pressure and become more professional. - Reproduced Civil service Economic and Political Weekly 180718