Gardner, Howard creator text xu| 1999 continuing ng p.1009-023 According to a cognitive perspective, leaders affect the beliefs, feelings,and actions of followers through the stories that they tell and the lives that they lead. Such leadership can be achieved directly or indirectly; in the latter case, the leader affects others through the creation of a powerful symbolic object. Among the evocative vehicles available to leaders are well-entrenched institutions and cultural artifacts such as monuments. Over time, the mentalities of individuals may be molded as much by memorable symbolic objects as by persuasive narrators. - Reproduced Leadership American Behavioral Scientist 180718