01167pab a2200169 454500008004000000100001700040245009400057260000900151300001300160362001100173520064100184650003300825650002900858650004700887650002900934773003400963180718b2001   xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d  aGordon, Alec  aContract labour in rubber plantations: impact of smallholders in colonial South-East Asia  c2001  ap.847-60  a10 Mar  aThe rubber boom in colonial south-east Asia was followed by the arrival in increasing numbers of indentured labour from other colonised areas, mainly India, to serve in the larger-scale plantations.  Despite the gradual abolition of indentured labour, the contract system that took its place, perpetuated the workers' exploitation, albeit in a different manner.  Free labour would arrive only with independence.  Independence would also see the formation of the first labour organisations, the end of long-distance recruitment and also released the long-suffering smallholder from any restraints on production and land use. - Reproduced  aEmployment - South East Asia  aLabour - South East Asia  aConditions of employment - South East Asia  aConditions of employment  aEconomic and Political Weekly