01496pab a2200145 454500008004000000100001800040245006900058260000900127300001300136362000800149520111800157650001401275700002001289773004101309180718b2001   xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d  aRose, Richard  aDemocratization backwards: the problem of third-wave democracies  c2001  ap.331-54  aApr  aCountries in the third wave of democratization have introduced competitive elections before establishing basic institutions of a modern state such as the rule of law, institutions of civil society and the accountability of governors.  By contrast, countries in the first wave of democratization became modern states before universal suffrage was introduced.  Because they have democratized backwards, most third-wave countries are currently incomplete democracies.  Incomplete democracies can develop in three different ways: completing democratization; repudiating free elections and turning to an undemocratic alternative; or falling into a low-level equilibrium trap in which the inadequacies of elites are matched by low popular demands and expectations.  The significance of incomplete democratization is shown by analysing public opinion survey data from three new democracies varying in their predecessor regimes: the Russian Federation (a totalitarian past); the Czech Republic (both a democratic and a totalitarian past) and the Republic of Korea (formerly an authoritarian military regime). - Reproduced  aDemocracy  aShin, Doh Chull  aBritish Journal of Political Science