01783nam a2200193 4500 510167 510167 190802b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d Garcia-Guadilla, Maria Pilar 11266 Polarization, participatory democracy, and democratic erosion in Venezuela's twenty-first century socialism 2019 p.62-77. This article analyzes the emergence and consolidation of political polarization in Venezuela during the so-called Bolivarian Revolution, led by Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro from 1999 to 2018. We also examine the conditions under which polarization in Venezuela became pernicious, and contributed to erosion of democracy. Given the underlying class cleavages that were associated with pro- and anti-Chavista identities, we argue that the central dimension of polarization began with a political-ideological rift around competing concepts of democracy—participatory and representative, the rights that each vision privileged (individual civil and political rights vs. collective social and economic rights), and the interpretation of participatory democracy as a complement or substitute for representative democracy. As a result, the inclusion of representative and participatory models of democracy in the 1999 Bolivarian constitution failed to deepen democracy. Instead, they came to be seen as mutually exclusive or incompatible. The result was a polarized democracy that became increasingly authoritarian. - Reproduced. Polarisation 7626 Participatory democracy 7627 Socialism 7628 Mallen, Ana 7630 The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Democracy - Venezuela ddc AR 0 0 ddc 0 0 384108 IIPA IIPA 2019-08-02 681, Jan, 2019: p.62-77. AR120123 2019-08-02 AR