01901nam a2200205   4500999001900000008004100019100004000060245011200100260000900212300001300221520114900234650002301383650003401406650002001440700002201460773007101482906002601553942001201579952010401591  c510167d510167190802b           ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d  aGarcia-Guadilla, Maria Pilar911266  aPolarization, participatory democracy, and democratic erosion in Venezuela's twenty-first century socialism  c2019  ap.62-77.  aThis article analyzes the emergence and consolidation of political polarization in Venezuela during the so-called Bolivarian Revolution, led by Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro from 1999 to 2018. We also examine the conditions under which polarization in Venezuela became pernicious, and contributed to erosion of democracy. Given the underlying class cleavages that were associated with pro- and anti-Chavista identities, we argue that the central dimension of polarization began with a political-ideological rift around competing concepts of democracy—participatory and representative, the rights that each vision privileged (individual civil and political rights vs. collective social and economic rights), and the interpretation of participatory democracy as a complement or substitute for representative democracy. As a result, the inclusion of representative and participatory models of democracy in the 1999 Bolivarian constitution failed to deepen democracy. Instead, they came to be seen as mutually exclusive or incompatible. The result was a polarized democracy that became increasingly authoritarian. - Reproduced.  aPolarisation97626  aParticipatory democracy97627  aSocialism97628  aMallen, Ana97630  aThe Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science  aDemocracy - Venezuela  2ddccAR  00102ddc40709384108aIIPAbIIPAd2019-08-02h681, Jan, 2019: p.62-77.pAR120123r2019-08-02yAR