01637nam a22001577a 4500 514833 514833 201224b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d Singla, A. Kirschner, C. and Stone, S.B. 21828 Race, representation, and revenue: Reliance on fines and forfeitures in city governments Urban Affairs Review 56(4), Jul, 2020: p.1132-1167 Historically, revenue associated with things like traffic citations—termed fines and forfeitures—has made up an insignificant portion of city revenue. In recent years, however, cities are increasingly reliant on these revenues. This changed without fanfare, meaning there is little understanding of how or why it occurred. One potential explanation is budgetary, meaning cities rely more on fines due to increased fiscal stress or demand for public safety services. Alternatively, existing research demonstrates that race and representation are significant predictors of crime and punishment outcomes, including traffic citations. Using a stratified random sample of California cities, this study investigates which of these factors explain city reliance on revenue from fines and forfeitures. It finds that cities’ reliance on fines and forfeitures is not associated with budgetary need or public safety service provision, but is associated with the race of the population and the racial composition of law enforcement. – Reproduced Representation, Non Tax revenue, Public finance, Representative bureaucracy, Fines and forfeitures 19795 Urban Affairs Review URBAN GOVERNANCE AR 0 0 ddc 0 0 388848 IIPA IIPA 2020-12-24 56(4), Jul, 2020: p.1132-1167 AR123712 2020-12-24 AR