Goodman, J., Gurantz, O. and Smith, J.  <br/><br/>
Take two: SAT retaking and college enrollment gaps 

 - American Economic Journal: Economic Policy   
 - 12(2), May, 2020: p.115-158 
<br/><br/> Only half of SAT-takers retake the exam, with even lower retake rates among low-income students and underrepresented minority (URM) students. We exploit discontinuous jumps in retake probabilities at multiples of 100, driven by left-digit bias, to estimate retaking's causal effects. Retaking substantially improves SAT scores and increases four-year college enrollment rates, particularly for low-income and URM students. Eliminating disparities in retake rates could close up to 10 percent of the income-based gap and up to 7 percent of the race-based gap in four-year college enrollment rates of high school graduates. – Reproduced