02110nam a22001697a 4500999001900000008004100019100002700060245010800087260003500195300003200230520146000262650005801722773003501780906001101815942000701826952010701833  c516243d516243210220b           ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d  aBrown, Hana E. 924276  aWho Is an Indian child: Institutional context, tribal sovereignty, and race-making in fragmented states  aAmerican Sociological Review    a85(5), Oct, 2020: p.776-805  aDespite growing interest in state race-making, we know little about how race-making plays out in the everyday practice of policy governance. To address this gap, I examine the implementation of the Indian Child Welfare Act (1978), which sought to end generations of state policies that denied tribal sovereignty and forcibly removed Native children from their tribes. ICWA’s protections extend to children based on tribal citizenship, not racial status. Marshalling 40 years of archival data from the government agencies charged with ICWA enforcement, I analyze how ICWA implementers determine a child’s Indian status. I find that authorities routinely eschew the requirement to treat Indian as a citizenship category, re-defining it as a race. Yet whether and how state actors racialize Indianness varies by the institutional contexts in which they work. Comparing state child welfare agencies, state courts, and federal courts, I identify three institutional characteristics that organize race-making practices: evidentiary standards, record-keeping requirements, and incentive structures. These characteristics influence whether state decision-makers operationalize “Indian” as a racial category and the cognitive and ideological processes that undergird their classifications. I also demonstrate that changes in these institutional characteristics yield concomitant shifts in whether and how state agents engage in racialization. - Reproduced   aRace, Racism, American Indians, states, Policy922707  aAmerican Sociological Review    aRACISM  cAR  00102ddc40709390335aIIPAbIIPAd2021-02-20h85(5), Oct, 2020: p.776-805pAR124339r2021-02-20yAR