Kroll, Alexander and Moynihan, Donald P.V. <br/><br/>
Tools of control? Comparing congressional and presidential performance management reforms 

 - Public Administration Review   
 - 81(4), Jul-Aug, 2021: p.599-609 
<br/><br/> Presidents are claimed to have a stronger interest in an effective bureaucracy than Congress because they must be responsive to the public as a whole rather than narrow interests. We examine this claim in the context of multiple waves of U.S. performance management reforms: the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) of 1993, the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART ) (2002–2008), and the GPRA Modernization Act (GPRAMA) of 2010. Using four waves of federal employee surveys spanning 17 years, we measure reform success as employees’ purposeful use of performance data as a result of being exposed to routines embedded in the reforms. We find that the legislative-led GPRAMA is associated with more purposeful data use on aggregate while the PART executive reform succumbed to a partisan pattern of implementation. Statutory reforms are less likely to be experienced as ideological tools than executive branch reforms used by the president to impose control over agencies. – Reproduced  
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>Bureaucracy, Government Performance and Results Act, Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART)