Frandsen, B., Lefgren, L.and  Leslie, E.  <br/><br/>
Judging judge fixed effects 

 - The American Economic Review   
 - 113(1), Jan, 2023: p.253-277 
<br/><br/> We propose a nonparametric test for the exclusion and monotonicity assumptions invoked in instrumental variable (IV) designs based on the random assignment of cases to judges. We show its asymptotic validity and demonstrate its finite-sample performance in simulations. We apply our test in an empirical setting from the literature examining the effects of pretrial detention on defendant outcomes in New York. When the assumptions are not satisfied, we propose weaker versions of the usual exclusion and monotonicity restrictions under which the IV estimator still converges to a proper weighted average of treatment effects.- Reproduced  
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>Nonparametric test, Exclusion assumption, Monotonicity assumption, Instrumental variable (IV) designs, Random assignment, Asymptotic validity, Finite-sample performance, Simulations, Empirical setting, Pretrial detention, Defendant outcomes, New York, Weaker versions IV estimator, Treatment effects