Wang, Dan <br/><br/>
China’s hidden tech revolution: How Beijing threatens U.S. dominance 

 - Foreign Affairs  
 - 102(2), Mar-Apr, 2023: p.65-77 
<br/><br/> In 2007, the year Apple first started making iPhones in China, the country was better known for cheap labor than for technological sophistication. At the time, Chinese firms were unable to produce almost any of the iPhone’s internal components, which were imported from Germany, Japan, and the United States. China’s overall contribution to the devices was limited to the labor of assembling these components at Foxconn’s factories in Shenzhen—what amounted to less than four percent of the value-added costs.- Reproduced