Jha, U.C.  <br/><br/>
War crimes and modern-day armed conflicts 

 - U.S.I. Journal   
 - 154(636), Apr-Jun, 2024: p.228-239 
<br/><br/> This article explores the multifaceted nature of war crimes through contemporary and historical lenses, highlighting evolving legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms. It begins with the IsraelHamas conflict and extends to the RussianUkrainian conflict, detailing atrocities and violations of International Humanitarian Law by both sides. The historical development of war crimes is traced from early definitions and the Leipzig Trials postWorld War I to the expanded scope and individual accountability established by the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials after World War II. Key legal instruments such as the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda are discussed, particularly their recognition of sexual violence as a war crime. The article analyses the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, its role in modern prosecutions, and challenges such as jurisdiction and the complementary role of national courts. It also examines command responsibility, emphasising the obligation of leaders to prevent and address war crimes by subordinates. The conclusion reflects on the evolving definitions of war crimes and the international legal framework’s efforts to enforce. – Reproduced <br/><br/>https://www.usiofindia.org/pdf/20240712152228.pdf<br/> 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>War Crimes, International Humanitarian Law, Israel-Hamas Conflict, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, Geneva Conventions, Nuremberg Trials, Tokyo Trials, Rome Statute, International Criminal Court, Command Responsibility, Sexual Violence, Legal Frameworks, Accountability Mechanisms