01471nam a22001097a 4500008004100000100001700041245006000058260002100118300003900139520116200178773002101340251211b           ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d  aRanade, V.S.  aThe lines of fire: A history of cartographic conflictS.  aU.S.I. Journal    a155(641), Jul-Sep, 2025: p.442-453  a This article examines the origins and enduring consequences of cartographic boundaries in the Indian subcontinent, many of which were drawn hastily by the British without consideration of ethnic, cultural, or demographic realities. It highlights how treaties such as Gandamak, Durand, and Sagauli, and lines including the Radcliffe, Johnson, McMahon, Pemberton, and others created lasting disputes that continue to fuel instability. The analysis traces the transformation of these boundaries into contentious frontiers such as the Line of Control, Line of Actual Control, and Actual Ground Position Line, underscoring their role in regional crises with Pakistan, China, Nepal, and Myanmar. The article also emphasises how porous borders have been exploited by non-state actors, intensifying insecurity. While India has strengthened border management through infrastructure and security initiatives, the article argues that only diplomacy, confidencebuilding, and pragmatic cooperation can transform these divisive lines into instruments of peace and shared regional prosperity.- Reproduced 

https://usiofindia.org/pdf/USI_Journal_July_Sept_2025_Issue.pdf
  aU.S.I. Journal