01847nam a22001457a 4500999001900000008004100019100002100060245007400081260002100155300003900176520134400215773002101559942000701580952011401587  c532920d532920260402b           ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d  aDeb, Alok959933  aEnhancing efficacy of peacekeeping operations in an uncertain future   aU.S.I. Journal    a105(642), Oct-Dec, 2025: p.597-605  aThe article analyses the changing character of warfare and its profound implications for United Nations (UN) peacekeeping in an increasingly fragmented and technology-driven conflict environment. It situates contemporary conflicts— ranging from Ukraine and Gaza to Sudan and parts of Asia and Africa—within the context of 5th Generation Warfare, marked by kinetic and nonkinetic non-contact operations, blurred civilian– combatant distinctions, and multi-domain battlespaces. Against this backdrop, the article traces the evolution of the UN’s peace and security mandate from its founding in 1945 through key milestones such as ‘An Agenda for Peace’ and the ‘2005 World Summit Outcome’. It highlights growing constraints on UN peacekeeping, including declining budgets, contested mandates, lack of consent, and the disruptive impact of new technologies and nonstate actors. Drawing on historical cases and recent analyses, the article argues for a recalibration of future UN missions toward smaller, focused mandates emphasising monitoring, peacebuilding, and consent-based engagement. It concludes by examining implications for India, advocating a diversified, whole-of-government contribution model aligned with India’s humanitarian strengths.-Reproduced 

https://usiofindia.org/pdf/USI_Journal_Oct_Dec_2025_Final.pdf
  aU.S.I. Journal    cAR  00102ddc40709408095aIIPAbIIPAd2026-04-02h105(642), Oct-Dec, 2025: p.597-605pAR138435r2026-04-02yAR