Ganguly, Debjanee <br/><br/>
Evolution of modern higher educational institutes: Challenges to the American university model 

 - Economic & Political Weekly   
 - 61(12), Mar 21, 2026: p.45-52 
<br/><br/> Four dominant models of higher education emerged alongside the modern nation state: the Humboldtian, Napoleonic, Anglo-Saxon, and American models. The American model, shaped by globalisation, is most closely aligned with market imperatives, emphasising choice-based education and increasing privatisation of higher education. Despite its global appeal, the model faces mounting challenges in the West, including growing scepticism among the youth about the value of university education. This paper asks why the American model is in crisis and offers a cautionary perspective to Indian universities adopting it.-Reproduced <br/><br/>https://www.epw.in/journal/2026/12/special-articles/evolution-modern-higher-educational-institutes.html<br/>