01314nam a22001337a 4500 533259 533259 260505b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d Danish, Mohd Shadab and Bhanumurthy, N.R. 60381 Formal credit and persistent constraints: Revisiting access to finance among INDIAN enterprises Economic & Political Weekly 61(16), Apr 18, 2026: p.65-73 Access to finance remains a central concern in developing economies, such as India, where resource gaps constrain economic activity. Using World Bank Enterprise Surveys (2014, 2022), this paper examines institutional credit access among Indian small and medium enterprises. Generalised estimating equations logit estimates show no significant improvement over time; firms in 2022 were about 12 percentage points less likely to access credit than in 2014. Female-managed firms, exporters, and SMEs exhibit higher access, while micro-firms remain excluded. Women-led firms report borrowing costs as a key constraint. The findings highlight a dual challenge: expanding credit access and reducing transaction and compliance burdens.-Reproduced https://www.epw.in/journal/indias-industrial-transformation/formal-credit-and-persistent-constraints.html Economic & Political Weekly AR 0 0 ddc 0 0 408429 IIPA IIPA 2026-05-05 61(16), Apr 18, 2026: p.65-73 AR138771 2026-05-05 AR