01646pab a2200181 454500008004000000100002400040245011100064260000900175300001300184362001100197520105200208650002101260700002301281773002901304909001001333999001701343952010401360180718b2002   xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d  aBaldersheim, Harald  aFrom guided democracy to multi-level governance: trends in central-local relations in the Nordic countries  c2002  ap.74-90.  aAutumn  aThe Nordic  model of governance has contradictory features as it is driven both by a passion for equality and a desire to enhance local  self-government.  Local governments account for around two-thirds  of all public spending.  Traditionally, a hierarchical, prefectural  model of supervision  has  served to integrate the local and national levels of the  Nordic polities.  The hierarchical features of integration  have been reduced and new instruments of  fuzzy co-ordination developed.  In response to fiscal crises  and EU membership more contractual central-local relations  are emerging.  Relations are changing less in Norway than in  Finland and  Sweden, due to an economic book and the `no' to  EU membership.Central-local relations are not only increasingly of a multi-level governance charactger, they are also multi-layered in nature: traditional styles and methods persist alongside new approaches, making central-local relations more complex despite efforts to simplify governance.  This is above all true for Norway. - Reproduced.  aLocal government  aStahlberg, Krister  aLocal Government Studies  a54678  c54678d54678  00104070aIIPAbIIPAd2018-07-19hVolume no: 28, Issue no: 3pAR55123r2018-07-19w2018-07-19yAR