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  <controlfield tag="008">180718b2002   xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d</controlfield>
  <datafield tag="100" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Sherman, Richard</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="245" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Delegation, ratification, and U.S. trade policy: why divided government causes lower tariffs</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="260" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="c">2002</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">p.1171-197.</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="362" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Dec</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Recent research on executive-legislative relations concludes that divided government causes higher tariffs and inhibits international cooperation.  I find that divided government leads to lower U.S. tariffs in the postwar period and that the theoretical connection between divided government and international cooperation is viable only as a special case.  In the contemporary United States, trade policy preferences do not adhere to party lines: Democratic Congresses are more protectionist than Republican Congresses, but Democratic presidents are less protectionist than their Republican counterparts.  The divergence of executive-legislative preferences  is thus greater under unified government than under divided  overnment.  As a cross-national hypothesis, the claim that divided government inhibits international cooperation holds only if some special restrictions on partisan preferences are met.  These conditions are unlikely to survive as generalizations about democratic polities, rendering implausible the connection between divided government and reduced international cooperation. - Reproduced.</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">United States - Commerce</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Trade</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="773" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">Comparative Political Studies</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="909" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="a">54938</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="c">54938</subfield>
    <subfield code="d">54938</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="952" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
    <subfield code="0">0</subfield>
    <subfield code="1">0</subfield>
    <subfield code="4">0</subfield>
    <subfield code="7">0</subfield>
    <subfield code="a">IIPA</subfield>
    <subfield code="b">IIPA</subfield>
    <subfield code="d">2018-07-19</subfield>
    <subfield code="h">Volume no: 35, Issue no: 10</subfield>
    <subfield code="p">AR55383</subfield>
    <subfield code="r">2018-07-19</subfield>
    <subfield code="w">2018-07-19</subfield>
    <subfield code="y">AR</subfield>
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