Revelli, Federico creator text xu| 2003 continuing ng p.29-53. This paper models horizontal and vertical fiscal externalities in a multi-tiered structure of government, and implements maximum likelihood and instrumental variables estimation techniques to identify the source of spatial dependence in English local government expenditures. The results shows that when vertical fiscal externalities among upper-tier (County) authority and lower-tier (District) authority expenditures are explicitly taken into account, the estimated magnitude of inter-district fiscal interactions is substantially reduced. The observed positive spatial autocorrelation among District expenditures can consequently be attributed to a large extent to common reaction to County fiscal policies, rather than to actual strategic interaction. - Reproduced. Public expenditure - Great Britain Local government - Great Britain Local government Journal of Urban Economics 180718