01086pab a2200169 454500 180718b2004 xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d Bhattacharya, Debraj Kolkata `Underworld' in the early 20th century 2004 p.4276-282. 18 Sep In the course of the 19th century, Kolkata had acquired a distinctly cosmopolitan `underworld'. By the end of the century, new forms of urban disturbances had emerged in the city in the form of riots. This saw the emergence of the professional hoodlum or the `goonda' as a manufacturer of violence in the city. At first they were largley `upcountry' labourers, but in the course of time there was a wide variety of goondas in terms of origin and social background. By 1923, the Goondas Act had been promulgated ostensibly with the aim of controlling such hoodlums engaged in a range of `criminal' acts, as defined by the colonial legislation. - Reproduced. Crime - India - West Bengal Crime Economic and Political Weekly 62562 62562 62562 0 0 0 0 IIPA IIPA 2018-07-19 Volume no: 39, Issue no: 38 AR63012 2018-07-19 2018-07-19 AR