000			01783nam a2200193 4500
999			_c510167 _d510167
008			190802b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aGarcia-Guadilla, Maria Pilar _911266
245			_aPolarization, participatory democracy, and democratic erosion in Venezuela's twenty-first century socialism
260			_c2019
300			_ap.62-77.
520			_aThis article analyzes the emergence and consolidation of political polarization in Venezuela during the so-called Bolivarian Revolution, led by Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro from 1999 to 2018. We also examine the conditions under which polarization in Venezuela became pernicious, and contributed to erosion of democracy. Given the underlying class cleavages that were associated with pro- and anti-Chavista identities, we argue that the central dimension of polarization began with a political-ideological rift around competing concepts of democracy—participatory and representative, the rights that each vision privileged (individual civil and political rights vs. collective social and economic rights), and the interpretation of participatory democracy as a complement or substitute for representative democracy. As a result, the inclusion of representative and participatory models of democracy in the 1999 Bolivarian constitution failed to deepen democracy. Instead, they came to be seen as mutually exclusive or incompatible. The result was a polarized democracy that became increasingly authoritarian. - Reproduced.
650			_aPolarisation _97626
650			_aParticipatory democracy _97627
650			_aSocialism _97628
700			_aMallen, Ana _97630
773			_aThe Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
906			_aDemocracy - Venezuela
942			_2ddc _cAR