000			01637nam a22001577a 4500
999			_c514833 _d514833
008			201224b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aSingla, A. Kirschner, C. and Stone, S.B. _921828
245			_aRace, representation, and revenue: Reliance on fines and forfeitures in city governments
260			_aUrban Affairs Review
300			_a56(4), Jul, 2020: p.1132-1167
520			_aHistorically, revenue associated with things like traffic citations—termed fines and forfeitures—has made up an insignificant portion of city revenue. In recent years, however, cities are increasingly reliant on these revenues. This changed without fanfare, meaning there is little understanding of how or why it occurred. One potential explanation is budgetary, meaning cities rely more on fines due to increased fiscal stress or demand for public safety services. Alternatively, existing research demonstrates that race and representation are significant predictors of crime and punishment outcomes, including traffic citations. Using a stratified random sample of California cities, this study investigates which of these factors explain city reliance on revenue from fines and forfeitures. It finds that cities’ reliance on fines and forfeitures is not associated with budgetary need or public safety service provision, but is associated with the race of the population and the racial composition of law enforcement. – Reproduced
650			_aRepresentation, Non Tax revenue, Public finance, Representative bureaucracy, Fines and forfeitures _919795
773			_aUrban Affairs Review
906			_aURBAN GOVERNANCE
942			_cAR