000			01991nam a22001577a 4500
999			_c516243 _d516243
008			210220b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aBrown, Hana E. _924276
245			_aWho Is an Indian child: Institutional context, tribal sovereignty, and race-making in fragmented states
260			_aAmerican Sociological Review
300			_a85(5), Oct, 2020: p.776-805
520			_aDespite growing interest in state race-making, we know little about how race-making plays out in the everyday practice of policy governance. To address this gap, I examine the implementation of the Indian Child Welfare Act (1978), which sought to end generations of state policies that denied tribal sovereignty and forcibly removed Native children from their tribes. ICWA’s protections extend to children based on tribal citizenship, not racial status. Marshalling 40 years of archival data from the government agencies charged with ICWA enforcement, I analyze how ICWA implementers determine a child’s Indian status. I find that authorities routinely eschew the requirement to treat Indian as a citizenship category, re-defining it as a race. Yet whether and how state actors racialize Indianness varies by the institutional contexts in which they work. Comparing state child welfare agencies, state courts, and federal courts, I identify three institutional characteristics that organize race-making practices: evidentiary standards, record-keeping requirements, and incentive structures. These characteristics influence whether state decision-makers operationalize “Indian” as a racial category and the cognitive and ideological processes that undergird their classifications. I also demonstrate that changes in these institutional characteristics yield concomitant shifts in whether and how state agents engage in racialization. - Reproduced
650			_aRace, Racism, American Indians, states, Policy _922707
773			_aAmerican Sociological Review
906			_aRACISM
942			_cAR