000			01202nam a22001577a 4500
999			_c517611 _d517611
008			210722b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aElder, Todd and Zhou, Yuqing _927337
245			_aThe black-white gap in non cognitive skills among elementary school children
260			_aAmerican Economic Journal: Applied Economics
300			_a13(1), Jan, 2021: p.105-132
520			_aUsing two nationally representative datasets, we find large differences between Black and White children in teacher-reported measures of noncognitive skills. We show that teacher reports understate true Black-White skill gaps because of reference bias: teachers appear to rate children relative to others in the same school, and Black students have lower-skilled classmates on average than do White students. We pursue three approaches to addressing these reference biases. Each approach nearly doubles the estimated Black-White gaps in noncognitive skills, to roughly 0.9 standard deviations in third grade. – Reproduced
650			_aFertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth _927338
773			_aAmerican Economic Journal: Applied Economics
906			_aCHILD DEVELOPMENT
942			_cAR