000			02208nam a22001577a 4500
999			_c522340 _d522340
008			230401b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aVarkey, Shinu _939466
245			_aAgricultural indebtedness and livelihood diversification in Uttar Pradesh: A study of the eastern and bundelkhand regions
260			_aReview of Development and Change
300			_a27(2), Dec, 2022: p.190-213
520			_aThe study aims to address the issue of indebtedness among agrarian households and the associated livelihood diversification using the cases of the Eastern and Bundelkhand regions of Uttar Pradesh. It raises the following broad questions: What is the nature and extent of the debt burden experienced by the farmer households of the study areas? How do these households diversify their livelihood strategies? And what explains the livelihood outcomes of these households? It is argued that the skewed distribution of productive resources in the study regions leads to various kinds of interlinked transactions among agrarian classes in the context of production and exchange. Such interlinkages are essentially exploitative, resulting in lower crop productivity and lower returns from cultivation. In the face of lower returns from cultivation, farmers are compelled to take recourse to borrowing. The majority of these borrowings, especially by the poorer classes, are from informal sources, exposing them to usurious extortions at the hands of money lenders, traders and rich peasants/farmers, leading to difficulties in meeting payment obligations and, finally, to indebtedness. The higher debt burden has resulted in an increased livelihood diversification by agrarian households in recent years, mostly to the informal sector. We term it forced livelihood diversification, because such diversification is not the natural outcome of a development process but is forced upon the peasantry because of the non-viability of cultivation. – Reproduced
650			_aAgriculture indebtedness, Livelihood diversification, Inter-linkages, Exploitation, off-farm activities, Non-farm activities., Bundelkhand _937183
773			_aReview of Development and Change
906			_aAGRICULTURE
942			_cAR