000			01774nam a22001457a 4500
999			_c523347 _d523347
008			230810b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aCroke, Kevin et al _942902
245			_aUp before dawn: Experimental evidence from a cross-border trader training at the DRC-Rwanda border
260			_aEconomic Development and Cultural Change
300			_a71(3), Apr, 2023: p.863-901
520			_aSmall-scale cross-border trade provides opportunities for economic gains in many developing countries. Yet cross-border traders—many of whom are women—face harassment and corruption, which can undermine these potential gains. We present evidence from a randomized controlled trial that provided access to information on procedures, tariffs, and rights to small-scale traders to facilitate border crossings, lower corruption, and reduce gender-based violence along the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)–Rwanda border. The training reduces bribe payment by 5 percentage points in the full sample and by 27.5 percentage points, on average, among compliers. The training also reduces the incidence of gender-based violence by 5.4 percentage points (30.5 percentage points among compliers). We assess competing explanations for the impacts using a game-theoretic model based on Hirschman’s exit, voice, and loyalty framework. The effects are achieved through early border crossings at unofficial hours (exit) instead of traders’ use of voice mechanisms or reduced rent seeking from border officials. These results highlight the need to improve governance and establish clear cross-border trade regulations, particularly on the DRC side of the border. – Reproduced
773			_aEconomic Development and Cultural Change
906			_aINTERNATIONAL TRADE
942			_cAR