000			01562nam a22001577a 4500
999			_c523707 _d523707
008			230922b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aHan, Xu and Wang, Weijie _943857
245			_aDoes granting managerial autonomy in exchange for accountability mitigate gaming?
260			_aPublic Administration Review
300			_a83(4), Jul-Aug, 2023: p.793-808
520			_aTo improve organizational performance, the doctrine of performance management states that managers need to be granted autonomy in exchange for accountability for results. However, managers are often held accountable without autonomy in practice. The accountability pressure often causes gaming behaviors. How does granting managerial autonomy in exchange for accountability affect gaming behaviors? To address this question, we investigated how a performance management reform in New York City public schools, the Empowerment Zone, affected two types of gaming behaviors: effort substitution and cream skimming. Utilizing a difference-in-differences estimation strategy over multiple periods, we find that the Empowerment Zone experiment mitigates effort substitution and cream skimming in public schools, but the effect is modified by organizational resources. The findings show the potential of fully implementing performance management doctrine in mitigating gaming and suggest that human resources are crucial for realizing the potential.- Reproduced
650			_aPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION _943858
773			_aPublic Administration Review
906			_aLEADERSHIP
942			_cAR