000			02141nam a22001457a 4500
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100			_aChoden, Rinzin and Pholphirul, Piriya _953226
245			_aEmployment adjustment during the initial outbreak of Covid-19: Empirical evidence from tourism workers in Bhutan.
260			_aSouth Asia Economic Journal
300			_a25(1), Mar, 2024: p.74-95
520			_aEven though quantifying the impacts of COVID-19 on jobs and employment has been studied in recent literature worldwide, not much research has attempted to investigate the impacts in terms of employment adjustment, especially during the initial outbreak of the pandemic. Using secondary survey data of 1,320 employees working in the tourism sector in Bhutan as a case study, our multinomial logit model estimations show that female workers were among the most vulnerable group to be asked to reduce some benefits from work, to receive only a partial salary or to leave without pay during the initial outbreak. However, when the situation became more severe (resulting in the laying off of employees), the tourism sector in Bhutan laid off male workers also. Negative impacts on their employment were likely to be found among workers with higher education, the relatively young and married workers. In addition, employment adjustments were also found to vary by tourism sub-sector during initial outbreaks. Workers in the entertainment sector seemed to experience the smallest hit from the initial outbreak since they still received some partial payments or were asked to only temporarily leave their jobs without receiving payment. Some sectors, especially tour guides, tour operations, river rafting and land transport, however, had to lay off their workers during the initial outbreak as those businesses rely mostly on international tourists. This study also discusses the policy recommendations to ensure employment stability during such a crisis in the future.- Reproduced https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/13915614231221648
773			_aSouth Asia Economic Journal
906			_aTOURISM
942			_cAR