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999			_c526431 _d526431
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100			_aGunasekaran, S. _953326
245			_aCaste, food and colonialism: ‘Outcaste’ domestics in the European houses of madras presidency
260			_aThe Indian Economic and Social History Review
300			_a61(1), Jan-Mar, 2024: p.97-131
520			_aThis article argues that in the Madras Presidency, the caste Hindus treated both the European masters and their ‘outcaste’ domestic servants as impure due to their shared practice of beef-eating. This, consequently, fostered a relationship of mutual dependence between them. Although not all servants participated in the preparation of food in European houses, they had to deal with beef in one way or another, such as purchasing and serving it, or simply working with the people who ate beef. Therefore, a willingness to handle beef was one of the essential criteria for employment in colonial bungalows that benefitted the outcastes exclusively. These new employment opportunities under colonialism created an educated ‘higher-class’ among them. This class later played a pivotal role in organising the outcastes and advocating for their rights. Though dependent on each other, the relationship between Europeans and their outcaste servants was not always cordial; there was tension inherent in it. The article further posits that attempts to maintain European racial and cultural dominance did not always succeed in the domestic sphere.- Reproduced https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00194646231222641
650			_aMadras Presidency, Caste Hindus, European masters, Outcaste domestic servants, Beef-eating, Mutual dependence, Colonial bungalows, Employment opportunities, Educated higher-class, Outcaste rights, Colonialism, Social hierarchy, European dominance, Domestic sphere, Tension in relationships. _953327
773			_aThe Indian Economic and Social History Review
906			_aINDIA - HISTORY
942			_cAR