000			01487nam a22001457a 4500
999			_c527722 _d527722
008			240918b ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aGoodman, Christopher B. and Carroll, Deborah A. _958227
245			_aAre special districts strategic complements or strategic substitutes?
260			_aPublic Administration Review
300			_a 84(4), Jul-Aug, 2024: p.623-636
520			_aWhat happens to general-purpose local government spending for service provision when a special district enters the public service market? Theoretically, special districts can act either as complements by supplementing existing service provision spending or as substitutes by supplanting current service provision spending. We find a substitution effect using fixed effects regression on urban counties in the United States from 1972 to 2017. Special districts replace spending for public service provision by county governments; however, we find no similar result for municipal governments. But the results are nuanced—findings are confined mainly to public services that tend to cover large land areas, like fire protection, sewerage, and solid waste management. Furthermore, we find evidence that day-to-day operations drive observed substitution, and that county size is an important factor depending on the functional service area.- Reproduced https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/puar.13672
773			_aPublic Administration Review
906			_aLOCAL GOVERNMENT
942			_cAR