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100			_aEdisis, Adrienne T. _956244
245			_aHow Can States Regulate De-Spatialized Phenomena? The Case of Occupational Licensing
260			_aThe American Review of Public Administration
300			_a55(4), May, 2025: p.367-383
520			_aThe Covid-19 pandemic compelled U.S. states to forge their own paths to guide their citizens through new dangers and challenges, yet made clear that state borders cannot hold against pathogens, people, or technology. How can states regulate increasingly de-spatialized phenomena? State legislators and regulators face this dilemma in the case of occupational licensing. This paper identifies a spatial mismatch between the individual state jurisdiction of occupational licensing regulations and the interstate reach of services provision by practitioners of licensed occupations. It investigates the origins of this mismatch, as well as a functional mismatch between state occupational licensing regimes established before 1900 and the current context. By building on insights from historical analysis of legacy state occupational licensing regimes; learning from examples of regulation of de-spatialized and digitalized economic activity; enlisting historical institutionalist-defined modes of gradual institutional change; and updating a classic typology of policy tools for regulation, a risk-based classification template for state regulation of services provided by professionals and skilled workers in currently licensed occupations is proposed. More broadly, analysis of the case of occupational licensing illustrates the potential of diversifying regulation of de-spatialized phenomena from authoritative mandates to regulatory programs comprised of a policy mix of mandate, information, incentive, and multi-mechanism tools better suited to porous political borders.- Reproduced https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/02750740241305416
650			_aOccupational licensing, state level governments, De-specialization, historical Institutionalism, Digitalization and public policy, United states economic and labor history. _956245
773			_aThe American Review of Public Administration
942			_cAR