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100			_aDeb, Alok _959933
245			_aEnhancing efficacy of peacekeeping operations in an uncertain future
260			_aU.S.I. Journal
300			_a105(642), Oct-Dec, 2025: p.597-605
520			_aThe article analyses the changing character of warfare and its profound implications for United Nations (UN) peacekeeping in an increasingly fragmented and technology-driven conflict environment. It situates contemporary conflicts— ranging from Ukraine and Gaza to Sudan and parts of Asia and Africa—within the context of 5th Generation Warfare, marked by kinetic and nonkinetic non-contact operations, blurred civilian– combatant distinctions, and multi-domain battlespaces. Against this backdrop, the article traces the evolution of the UN’s peace and security mandate from its founding in 1945 through key milestones such as ‘An Agenda for Peace’ and the ‘2005 World Summit Outcome’. It highlights growing constraints on UN peacekeeping, including declining budgets, contested mandates, lack of consent, and the disruptive impact of new technologies and nonstate actors. Drawing on historical cases and recent analyses, the article argues for a recalibration of future UN missions toward smaller, focused mandates emphasising monitoring, peacebuilding, and consent-based engagement. It concludes by examining implications for India, advocating a diversified, whole-of-government contribution model aligned with India’s humanitarian strengths.-Reproduced https://usiofindia.org/pdf/USI_Journal_Oct_Dec_2025_Final.pdf
773			_aU.S.I. Journal
942			_cAR