000			01086pab a2200169 454500
008			180718b2004 xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
100			_aBhattacharya, Debraj
245			_aKolkata `Underworld' in the early 20th century
260			_c2004
300			_ap.4276-282.
362			_a18 Sep
520			_aIn the course of the 19th century, Kolkata had acquired a distinctly cosmopolitan `underworld'. By the end of the century, new forms of urban disturbances had emerged in the city in the form of riots. This saw the emergence of the professional hoodlum or the `goonda' as a manufacturer of violence in the city. At first they were largley `upcountry' labourers, but in the course of time there was a wide variety of goondas in terms of origin and social background. By 1923, the Goondas Act had been promulgated ostensibly with the aim of controlling such hoodlums engaged in a range of `criminal' acts, as defined by the colonial legislation. - Reproduced.
650			_aCrime - India - West Bengal
650			_aCrime
773			_aEconomic and Political Weekly
909			_a62562
999			_c62562 _d62562